Groundwater is often a crucial source of freshwater worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In these areas, groundwater resources are vital due to variable rainfall and high evaporation rates. Groundwater use is increasing in arid and semi-arid regions due to population growth, rapid economic development, increasing water demand, low cost, high quality, and widespread accessibility. However, the sustainable management of groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions is extremely challenging. This is because human activities have significantly complicated and non-linearized the groundwater cycle and its dynamic processes. Understanding and accurately predicting groundwater level fluctuations is essential for water managers and engineers to develop better strategies, mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, prevent over-exploitation of groundwater, and develop water resources...